10th Social Notes (Development)

 

10th Development

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1. Economic development is a Complex Phenomenon.

2. The value of goods and service produced in a year is called as Real National Income.

3. In an underdeveloped country, basically, the Production   is lower.

4. Human development indicates expansion of ability

5. The The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is responsible for publishing global Human Development Reports.

6. India ranked 130^th in HDI in 2014.

7. Sex ratio was 945/1000 in India in 2011.

 

II. Answer the following questions in five to six sentences each.

1. Define development and explain the process of development.

Ans: Progress in a particular field Ex: Rural development Educational development is called development.

a) The term process here refers to the operation of the forces that bring about changes in supply of factors of production and in the structure of demand for the products.

b) Changes in factor supply take place due to discovery of additional resources, education and skill development, capital accumulation, population growth, adoption of better techniques of production etc.

c) Demand for products changes due to change in size and composition of population-level and distribution of income, tastes etc.

d) Similarly, the literacy rate among women was 65.46% in 2011 compared to 82.14% among men.

e) In order to promote participation of women in economic activities and thereby achieve economic empowerment, self-help groups are being formed in all the villages and cities.

 

2. What do you mean by under development? What are its causes?

Ans: The word ‘underdevelopment’ denotes a backward and stagnant situation where levels of living of people are low due to lower level of per capita income and lower productivity levels, apart from high population growth. According to the United Nations, an underdeveloped country is one whose real per capita income is lower than that of the USA, Canada, Australia and Western Europe.

Causes: (i) Life expectancy of person, (ii) Literacy attainment, (iii) Purchasing power.

 

3. What is HDI? How is it calculated?

Ans: HDI is increasingly felt that the primary purpose of all economic progress is the enhancement of human welfare. It should help people to enjoy a decent quality of life. It ensures adequate basic minimum amenities like food, shelter clothing, education, health, social security, clean water, pure air and unpolluted environment.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has used these ideas to construct an index known as the ‘Human Development Index (HDI)’. The core capabilities of a country’s population are defined, measured and combined to derive the composite HDI. While health is measured in terms of life expectancy; education is measured in terms of literacy attainments; and purchasing power through per capita income.

 

4. Examine the causes for low HDI of India.

Ans: If production is less and the population is more it causes a decrease in HDI. In India, there is improper usage of National resource. Lack of skill and illiteracy are other reasons. No availability of nutritious food, lack of minimum requirements such as accommodation, clothing, drinking water. Besides education level decides the progress of country. Discrimination in gender and inequality of social, educational and economic condition. Women are paid wages less than m men. All these reasons for low HDI of India.

 

5. How to achieve gender equality?

Ans: Many steps are initiated for empowerment of women. Empowerment may be described as the expansion in people’s ability to make strategic life choices in a context where this ability was previously denied to them. Empowerment is a process that infuses people with power i.e. access to resources; expands individual’s capacity and power of decision making i.e. autonomy. Many laws have been enacted to curb violence against women at home and at work places; to guarantee equal wages; providing reservation of seats in elected bodies; etc. All these measures will certainly help in bringing women to the mainstream of development.

 

6. “Women self-help groups are supportive to women empowerment” justify.

Ans: In order to promote participation of women in economic activities and thereby achieve economic empowerment, self help groups (SHGs) are being formed in all the villages and cities. A SHG is a group of women (usually 20) who come together to share their meagre resources, obtain external support, undertake business jointly and earn income. They are trained in managing accounts, handling bank transactions and skills to take up remunerative income generating activities. SHGs have been instrumental in helping women to earn, save and spend at their willingness. Their dignity and autonomy has increased.