10th Standard Social Era of Gandhi

 Era of Gandhi and National Movement

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1. Gandhiji was born in 1869.

2. Jalianwala Bagh massacre took place while protesting against Rowlett act.

3. The movement led by Ali brothers was Khilafat Movement

4. A separate nation for Muslims was put forward by Muhammad Ali Jinnah

5. The President of Indian National Congress session of 1929 was Jawaharlal Nehru.

6. Mahad and Kalaram movement was formed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

7. The leadership of Indian National Army’s Jhansi regiment was held by Captain Lakshmi Sahagal.

8. Gandhiji held Salt Satyagrah in Daridi, Coastal area of Gujarath.

9. Quit India movement took place in 1942.

 

II. Choose it:

1. First Round Table Conference was held in 1930.

a) 1930                             b) 1932

c) 1931                             d) 1942

 

2. Swaraj Party was founded in the year 1923.

a) 1924                             b) 1922

c) 1929                             d) 1906

 

3. The president of Haripur session of Indian National Congress was Subhash Chandra Bose

a) Sardar Vallabhabai Patel                b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

c) Lala Lajpat Roy                             d) Subhas Chandra Bose

 

4. Sardar Vallabhabai Patel is known as the Iron Man of India.

a) Bhagath Singh               b) Chandrashekar Azad

c) Abdul Kalam Azad          d) Sardar Vallabhabai Patel

 

III. Discuss it in a group and answer the following:

1. What were the internal tools of Gandhiji’s struggles?

Ans: The internal tools of Gandhiji’s struggles were Sathyagraha, Ahimsa and Unity of Hindu-Muslim.

Sathyagraha: Sathyagraha is one of the major methods of protests of Gandhiji. The word ’Sathyagraha’ means ‘the assertion of the truth’. It was one of the major weapons he employed in South Africa. It is his moral weapon. It is based on Non-Violence. It means asserting the rightful place of Truth by employing peaceful means. The use of this weapon is one of the major social explorations has ever taken place in human history.

Ahimsa: Ahimsa is the basic trait of Gandhi’s struggle. He firmly believed that one should face violence with Ahimsa and Sathyagraha. Gandhi employed motherly strategies such as Ahimsa, Sathyagraha and Fasting against the brutal force of British like Military, Police, and Law. The defeat of the mighty English in the hands of Gandhi itself is a strong message in the annals of history.

Unity of Hindu and Muslim: Gandhiji always championed the unity of Hindu and Muslims during the National Freedom Struggle. He believed that without unity among Muslims and Hindus, it is difficult to achieve independence, and also it becomes difficult to survive as nation in future. He always said Hindus and Muslims are the two eyes of Mother India. During Khilafath movement, congress expressed its support.

 

2. List the programmes of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Ans: The main programmes of Non-Cooperation movement were

a) Boycotting schools, colleges and courts

b) Boycotting elections to regional legislative bodies held according of 1919 Act.

c) Returning all the honours and medals given by the British.

d) Nominated members to the local bodies resigning from their membership.

e) Boycotting all the government functions

f) Boycotting all foreign goods

 

3. Why was the division of Bengal withdrawn?

Ans: Bengal was the centre of protests and anti-British sentiments. Muslims in East Bengal and Hindus in West Bengal were one and they were fighting together against the British. Due to these reasons, Viceroy Lord Curzon proposed a plan to divide Bengal citing administrative problems. British Government divided Bengal in 1905.

Indian National Congress was against this division of Bengal. Foreign goods were boycotted and Indian goods were encouraged. Hence British Government withdrew division of Bengal in 1911.

 

4. Explain Chauri Chaura incident.

Ans: a) On February 5. 1922 a big group of around 3000 farmers assembled in front of the police station.

b) They had assembled there to protest against the police officer who had beaten congress workers.

c) When they were protesting in front ofan arrack shop, The police started shooting from inside the station.

d) Enraged bv this act. people torched the police station.

e) As a result all the twenty two policemen were charred to death.

 

5. Discuss Salt Sathyagraha.

Ans: Gandhiji put forward eleven demands before the Viceroy Irwin. He conveyed the Viceroy that if those demands were not fulfilled, he would start the disobedience movement. One of the demands was the abolition of tax imposed on salt. When the Viceroy Irwin was not ready to consider the demands, Gandhiji walked on foot with his followers from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. He produced a handful of salt on the seashore at Dandi. With this incident Gandhiji started Civil disobedience.

 

6. What were the reasons for Quit India Movement?

Ans: a) The Stratford Cripps Commission which was sent by the British Government proposed some suggestions in front of Indians.

b) Giving Dominion status to India, and calling a meeting to draft new constitution were tabled.

c) It was proposed that all states will have liberty to be part of the new federation or not.

d) These proposals were opposed by Congress and called for ‘Quit India’ movement.

 

7. Write the names of important Radicals who took part in Indian National Movement.

Ans: The names of important Radicals who took part in Indian National Movement were Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajapat Roy an Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

 

8. What was the outcome of Second Round Table conference?

Ans: In the second Round Table Conference, Ambedkar pressed for a separate electoral constituency for untouchables. This was opposed by Gandhi. This resulted in the ideological differences between them. As a result the second Round Table Conference ended without any conclusion.

 

9. Explain the achievements of Subhas Chandra Bose in the independence movement.

Ans: a) Subhas Chandra Bose had secured 4th rank in the Indian civil services [ICS] exam, but he refused posting and became part of the national freedom struggle.

b) He toured many cities like Vienna. Berlin. Rome, Istanbul and other cities rallied the Indians settled in the placed in favour of freedom struggle.

c) The birth and raise of communism and Socialism did influence many in the congress.

d) By 1934, Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru founded the congress socialist party within the Indian national congress.

e) Subhas Chandra Bose became the president of Haripur convention of Indian national congress with the support of Gandhiji.

f) He quit congress and founded “Forward Block”.

g) The party aimed at staying within the fold of Indian national congress and had progressive ideals.

h) Bose opposed British war preparation. As result, the British government arrested Subhas Chandra Bose and him under house arrest.

i) Bose escaped from the house arrest and reached Germany. Bose organized the prisoners of war from India. He broadcasted his speeches over ‘Azad Hind Radio’ to India

j) Bose joined hands with Rash Behari Bose to explore the possibility of seeking the help of Japan to liberate India.

k) Ras Behari Bose had founded ‘India independence League’ in Tokoyo of Japan.

l) He callied its military wing as ‘Indian National army’.

m) Bose called for ‘Delhi Chalo’ on this occasion.

n) He said “Give me your blood, I’ll get you Indian Independence”.

 

10. Explain the various tribal revolts in the history of the Independence struggle.

Ans: a) The Santals tribes lived in Bengal and Orissa hillocks.

b) When the permanent landlord system was brought into force by the British the condition of these people became miserable as their lands went to the landlords. c) The landlords and the money¬lenders and the British government behave in a way that triggered intolerance in the Santals.

d) The Company exploited the decency and peace-loving attitude of the Santals. e) Enraged by this the Santals started to loot the landlords.

f) The agitation of the Santal became intense in Barahat area and also in Bhagatpur and Rajmahal.

g) The Santals killed their enemies. As a result the landlords and money- lenders ran away.

h) The British used their army to suppress the revolt and they were successful.

i) Although the revolt of the Santals ended, their voice gave call to many other protests in future against the British.

 

11. Explain the major achievements of Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India.

Ans: a) He was the architect of industrialization. He established many industries and shaped the country as a modem India.

b) He assigned the work of merging the princely states with Union of India to the Home Minister Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel who was popularly known “The Iron man of India”.

c) He laid the foundation for Indian Democracy by recognizing all the states on the basis of languages.

d) A mixed economic system that had a principle of both capitalism and socialism was his contribution to modern India.

e) He was the pioneer who envisaged the development of India through five-year plans.

f) He advocated Non-Alignment policy to remain away from power politics.

g) To establish peace and harmony, he brought out the formula of Panchasheel principles.